Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplant

Treatment Overview

In a stem cell transplant, healthy stem cells are placed in your body through an I.VI.V. to help your bone marrow start to work as it should.

The transplant can use stem cells that come from your own blood or bone marrow. Or they can come from another person. When they come from another person, it's called an allogeneic stem cell transplant.

The donor may be a relative. Or they may be a complete stranger. The important thing is that the donor's immune system markers are closely matched to yours. This is more likely when the donor is your brother or sister.

Most stem cells are in your bone marrowbone marrow. You also have some that circulate from your marrow into your blood. Bone marrow stem cells turn into red blood cellsred blood cells, white blood cellswhite blood cells, or plateletsplatelets to help your body stay healthy. If your bone marrow is damaged or destroyed, it can no longer make normal blood cells.

A stem cell transplant may be used to treat diseases that damage or destroy the bone marrow, such as non-Hodgkin lymphomanon-Hodgkin lymphoma and Hodgkin lymphomaHodgkin lymphoma, leukemialeukemia, multiple myelomamultiple myeloma, and aplastic anemiaaplastic anemia.

The allogeneic transplant process includes:

Collecting stem cells from a donor. The new cells can come from the blood, bone marrow, or umbilical cord blood.
Having chemotherapy (sometimes along with radiation) to destroy cancer cells or damaged stem cells.
Transplanting the healthy stem cells.
Waiting for the transplanted stem cells to produce healthy blood cells.

What To Expect

If the donated stem cells came from bone marrow or umbilical cord blood, it usually takes about 20 days for your bone marrow to start producing new blood cells. If the donated cells came from someone's blood, it may not take that long.

You may spend 4 weeks or longer in the hospital after an allogeneic stem cell transplant. About 1 out of 4 people need to be readmitted within the first 3 months because of problems from the surgery.

After you are discharged from the hospital, you will continue to see your doctor often. Because you received someone else's stem cells, you will need treatment with medicines to prevent your immune systemimmune system from attacking the donor stem cells as though it were a foreign substance. You may also take medicine to help prevent the donor cells from attacking your body. Most people who don't have an immune system reaction take these medicines for 2 to 6 months.

Why It Is Done

An allogeneic stem cell transplant is a treatment for many conditions involving the blood or bone marrow, such as leukemia, lymphoma, neuroblastoma, aplastic anemia, or sickle cell disease.

Who is a good candidate?

Your doctor will consider your health and your age. People who are good candidates for a stem cell transplant usually are younger than 70, do not have other diseases such as heart disease or diabetes, and have a normal kidney and liver. Your doctor will also consider how much your disease has grown and how aggressive your cancer is. People with aggressive cancer that has spread to many areas of the body usually aren't good candidates. Your doctor may also consider if you have cancer that has come back, such as relapsed non-Hodgkin lymphoma or leukemia.

Information about Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplant

How Well It Works

The success of a stem cell transplant depends on your age and general health, the type and stage of disease, and how well the donor matches. Serious problems can occur after a stem cell transplant.

The original disease may come back, or relapse, after the transplant. If relapse occurs, it can be treated with a second transplant, chemotherapy, or other treatments.

Risks

Early complications of both allogeneic and autologous transplants usually occur within 5 to 10 days. They include:

Mouth sores.
Hair loss.
Bleeding, because of a severe decrease in red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
Nausea and vomiting.
Diarrhea.
Infection, such as pneumoniapneumonia, shinglesshingles, or herpes simplexherpes simplex.

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